The NIBR is tasked with establishing an efficient system to conserve and manage Korea’s biological resources in a bid to ensure the nation’s biological sovereignty. It also aims to establish a system to foster and support the biotechnology industry, which is one of Korea's strategic industries for the 21st century, and contribute to bolstering the country's competitiveness in the industry. Exhibitions and education programs of the NIBR are designed to raise awareness of biodiversity and biological resources and train professionals.

The NNIBR is mandated with the survey and research of biological resources in freshwater ecosystems nationwide, and the management of biological resources in the Nakdong River region. It also supports commercialization of freshwater microorganisms, including through survey, discovery and characterization research. Other tasks include organizing exhibitions and education programs on biological resources found in the Nakdong River region and other freshwater ecosystems; and coordinating the distribution and management of biological specimens.

The HNIBR is committed to ensuring the nation’s biological sovereignty over islands and coastal areas and contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. It focuses on the collection, conservation, management and research of biological resources and handles the collection, cultivation and provision of materials from biological resources, such as genetic resources, natural substances and seeds.

The NIE focuses on ecological survey and research to restore the health of ecosystems, as well as conducts ecosystem restoration activities and develops relevant technologies. The Institute also focuses on public awareness and education by providing training programs in different settings for different targets; operating various themed exhibition halls; and developing and publishing books on ecology for various readers (children, adults and experts).

The KNPRI facilitates the systematic survey and monitoring of natural resources, and conducts the priority management and restoration projects of rare and endangered species. It also prevents the introduction of alien species and ensures their selective removal, while enhancing wildlife protection including through safeguarding natural habitats.